Fidel Castro Biographical Profile

Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (1926–2016) was a Cuban lawyer, revolutionary, and politician. He was the central figure in the Cuban Revolution (1956-1959), which removed dictator Fulgencio Batista from power and replaced him with a communist regime friendly to the Soviet Union. For decades, he defied the United States, which tried to assassinate or replace him countless times. A controversial figure, many Cubans consider him a monster who destroyed Cuba, while others consider him a visionary who saved their nation from the horrors of capitalism. Early Years Fidel Castro was one of the  several illegitimate children born to middle-class sugar farmer Angel Castro y Argà ­z and his household maid, Lina Ruz Gonzà ¡lez. Castro’s father eventually divorced his wife and married Lina, but young Fidel still grew up with the stigma of being illegitimate. He was given his fathers last name at age 17 and had the benefits of being raised in a wealthy household. He was a talented student, educated at Jesuit boarding schools, and decided to pursue a career in law, entering the University of Havana Law School in 1945. While in school, he became increasingly involved in politics, joining the Orthodox Party, which was in favor of drastic government reform to reduce corruption. Personal Life Castro married Mirta  Dà ­az Balart in 1948. She came from a wealthy and politically-connected family. They had one child and divorced in 1955. Later in life, he married Dalia Soto del Valle in 1980 and had five more children. He had several other children outside of his marriages, including Alina Fernà ¡ndez, who escaped Cuba to Spain using false papers and then lived in Miami where she criticized the Cuban government. Revolution Brewing in Cuba When Batista, who had been president in the early 1940s, abruptly seized power in 1952, Castro became even more politicized. Castro, as a lawyer, tried to mount a legal challenge to Batista’s reign, demonstrating that the Cuban Constitution had been violated by his power grab. When Cuban courts refused to hear the petition, Castro decided that legal assaults on Batista would never work: if he wanted change, he would have to use other means. Attack on the Moncada Barracks The charismatic Castro began drawing converts to his cause, including his brother Raà ºl. Together, they acquired weapons and began organizing an assault on the military barracks at Moncada. They attacked on July 26, 1953, the day after a festival, hoping to catch the soldiers still drunk or hung over. Once the barracks were captured, there would be enough weapons to mount a full-scale insurgency. Unfortunately for Castro, the attack failed: most of the 160 or so rebels were killed, either in the initial assault or in government prisons later. Fidel and his brother Raul were captured. History Will Absolve Me Castro led his own defense, using his public trial as a platform to bring his argument to the people of Cuba. He wrote an impassioned defense for his actions and smuggled it out of prison. While on trial, he uttered his famous slogan: â€Å"History will absolve me.† He was sentenced to death, but when the death penalty was abolished, his sentence was changed to 15 years imprisonment. In 1955, Batista came under increasing political pressure to reform his dictatorship, and he freed a number of political prisoners, including Castro. Mexico The newly-freed Castro went to Mexico, where he made contact with other Cuban exiles eager to overthrow Batista. He founded the 26th of July Movement and began making plans for a return to Cuba. While in Mexico, he met Ernesto â€Å"Chà ©Ã¢â‚¬  Guevara and Camilo Cienfuegos, who were destined to play important roles in the Cuban Revolution. The rebels acquired weapons and trained and coordinated their return with fellow insurgents in Cuban cities. On November 25, 1956, 82 members of the movement boarded the yacht Granma and set sail for Cuba, arriving on December 2. Back in Cuba The Granma force was detected and ambushed, and many of the rebels were killed. Castro and the other leaders survived, however, and made it to the mountains in southern Cuba. They remained there for a while, attacking government forces and installations and organizing resistance cells in cities across Cuba. The movement slowly but surely gained in strength, especially as the dictatorship cracked down further on the populace. Castros Revolution Succeeds In May of 1958, Batista launched a massive campaign aimed at ending the rebellion once and for all. It backfired, however, as Castro and his forces scored a number of unlikely victories over Batista’s forces, which led to mass desertions in the army. By the end of 1958, the rebels were able to go on the offensive, and columns led by Castro, Cienfuegos and Guevara captured major towns. On January 1, 1959, Batista spooked and fled the country. On January 8, 1959, Castro and his men marched into Havana in triumph. Cubas Communist Regime Castro soon implemented a Soviet-style communist regime in Cuba, much to the dismay of the United States. This led to decades of conflict between Cuba and the USA, including such incidents as the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Mariel boatlift. Castro survived countless assassination attempts, some of them crude, some quite clever. Cuba was placed under an economic embargo, which had serious effects on the Cuban economy. In February of 2008 Castro resigned from duties as President, although he remained active in the communist party. He died on November 25, 2016, at the age of 90. Legacy Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution have had a profound effect on worldwide politics since 1959. His revolution inspired many attempts at imitation and revolutions broke out in nations such as Nicaragua, El Salvador, Bolivia and more. In southern South America, a whole crop of insurgencies sprang up in the 1960s and 1970s, including the Tupamaros in Uruguay, the MIR in Chile and the Montoneros in Argentina, just to name a few. Operation Condor, a collaboration of military governments in South America, was organized to destroy these groups, all of which hoped to incite the next Cuban-style Revolution in their home nations. Cuba aided many of these insurgent groups with weapons and training. While some were inspired by Castro and his revolution, others were aghast. Many politicians in the United States saw the Cuban Revolution as a dangerous â€Å"toehold† for communism in the Americas, and billions of dollars were spent propping up right-wing governments in places like Chile and Guatemala. Dictators such as Chile’s Augusto Pinochet were gross violators of human rights in their countries, but they were effective in keeping Cuban-style revolutions from taking over. Many Cubans, particularly those in the middle and upper classes, fled Cuba shortly after the revolution. These Cuban emigrants generally despise Castro and his revolution. Many fled because they feared the crackdown that followed Castro’s conversion of the Cuban state and economy to communism. As part of the transition to communism, many private companies and lands were confiscated by the government. Over the years, Castro maintained his grip on Cuban politics. He never gave up on communism even after the fall of the Soviet Union, which supported Cuba with money and food for decades. Cuba is a genuine communist state where the people share labor and rewards, but it has come at the cost of privation, corruption, and repression. Many Cubans fled the nation, many taking to the sea in leaky rafts hoping to make it to Florida. Castro once uttered the famous phrase: â€Å"History will absolve me.† The jury is still out on Fidel Castro, and history may absolve him and may curse him. Either way, what is certain is that history will not forget him anytime soon. Sources: Castaà ±eda, Jorge C. Compaà ±ero: the Life and Death of Che Guevara.  New York: Vintage Books, 1997. Coltman, Leycester. The Real Fidel Castro. New Haven and London: the Yale University Press, 2003.

Nonverbal Communication And Its Effects On The...

1. Nonverbal communication Nonverbal communication is a collection of body movements and expressions, such as hand gestures, spacing, facial expressions, eye behavior, and posture as a way of transmitting messages either with or without vocalization. An individual uses these expressions both consciously and unconsciously. (Heider, 2007, p 106). Nonverbal communication is important in anthropological studies because it aids in the understanding of individual cultures. By understanding nonverbal communication, anthropologists can decode the communication intent and the emotions of the participants. Further, by studying and learning the nonverbal communication of a specific culture, or multiple cultures, individuals are able to appropriately interact with someone of another culture with different nonverbal norms, such as proxemics. (Heider, 2007, p 109). Nonverbal communication has become an aspect of my daily life, most commonly used while at work. As a pastry chef by trade, I work in an environment where utensils are being banged on pots and pan, ovens are roaring, doors are being slammed, and people are shouting at one another from opposite ends of the kitchen, thereby causing a lot of commotion. Yet, despite the constant yelling, nonverbal communication is consistently utilized by means of hand signals, facial expressions, and head nods. As our job requires us to juggle multiple tasks, the most frequently used signal is a head nod accompanied by a tap on our imaginary wristShow MoreRelatedA Pastor Is Not The Only Person Who Is Responsible For Controlling Their Nonverbals1581 Words   |  7 PagesA pastor is not the only person who is responsible for controlling their nonverbals. A good suggestions for all believers is to â€Å"use words if necessary.† This suggestion revolves around the idea actions should communicate the gospel clearly. The result of less words in a message is a stronger message. People are not going to need explanation if everything done aligns with the gospel. For example if a person shares good news with a friend, the response which is expected is one of joy. If all thatRead MoreNonverbal Communication And The Social Norms Of Communication1627 Words   |  7 PagesWhile communication across cultures relies on speech to convey the messages of those living in the same society, usually the unspoken language has a larger role to play in delivering these messages. Similar to the country’s language being specific to the region it surfaces from, body language and facial expressions also have individual characteristics within a particular region. 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In order create a successful workplace environment, finding and establishingRead MoreImportance Of Interpersonal Communication996 Words   |  4 PagesTaking this Interpersonal Communication course has opened my eyes to the importance of effective communication as it relates to relationships. The information that I’ve learned has inspired me to take a deeper look into how I communicate with my husband. It has also provided an understanding regarding the differences in how he and I communicate. The communication style that I use is expressive, the style he u ses is instrumental. He also interprets communication different than myself. I ve also noticed

Business Research Method and Productivity

Question: Discuss about the Business Research Method and Productivity. Answer: Introduction The foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow in Cameron Republic as well as further Central African nations originates from different sources such as multilateral, bilateral together with the United Nations (Balasubramanyam, Salisu Sapsford, 2016). In spite of having growing business trade with China and India, the Sub-Saharan province remains poor in comparison to the South East as well as East Asian nations. It has been observed that Worldwide FDI inflow that touched the topmost position during the year 2000 as well as 2006 was essentially influenced by two different factors. One of the factors that contribute Worldwide FDI inflow is the liberalization as well as deregulation of the regional market. However, deregulation of market can be related to the structural adjustment strategy. The second factor is associated to the managerial capabilities as well as location aspect of sector for resource mobilization. A strong correlation exists between legal structure of the nation and trans parency in the investment climate that in turn influence the overall inflow of the foreign direct speculation. Nevertheless, the foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow in the central as well as northern Africa have augmented subsequent to the period 2010 and have led towards high level of indebtedness of different African nations (Blomstrm, Kokko Mucchielli, 2013). Prior study on the global FDI inflow reveals the fact that persistence of negative rate of interest in the worldwide market during the year 1970s was the cause behind the excessive borrowing by different African nations (Balasubramanyam et al., 2016). Essentially, savings was given less priority in specific nations that again directed towards the decline in severe debt crisis period. Particularly, decrease in both volume as well as quality of the FDI as well as low rate of growth of the economy recorded during the period of early 1980s can regarded as a matter of concern (Blomstrm et al., 2013). Again, the efforts exerted by government for drawing FDI have not yielded estimated outcomes. In addition to this, different constrains such as human capital development as well as insufficient infrastructure constituted diverse challenges as well as intricacies for development of the private sector. In addition to this, different development economists assume that economic growth relies analytically on both regional foreign investments (Balasubramanyam, Salisu Sapsford, 2016). Additionally, it can be assumed that the velocity of inflow of foreign asset relies on the rate of growth of economy. Prior to the year 2010, developing nations of Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) can be considered as a risky investment zone owing to inefficient as well as unregulated market, political uns teadiness and lower rate of investment (Borensztein et al., 2016). Statement of the Problem The problem of the present study on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and economic development can be associated to inadequacy of inflow of foreign investments into the nation despite the serious efforts by the Cameroon government (Balasubramanyam, Salisu Sapsford, 2016). Detailed analysis of the FDI climate in the nation reveals the fact that limited number of foreign enterprises has positively contributed foreign capital (Davidson, 2015). Therefore, this limited inflow of the foreign capital in the nation exerts adverse impact on different macroeconomic variables. The deficit in the external current account remained at a considerably low level, in spite of deterioration of GDP by approximately 1% every year on average during the period 2001 to 2005 as opposed to the period 1995 to 2000 (Buckley et al., 2015). Purpose of the study The reason of the present learning is to assess the nature and characteristics of association of foreign capital in overall economic development of HIPC during the current years in Cameroon Republic as well as Central African nations. The primary intention as well as idea of the study is to analyze the way foreign direct investment influences different macroeconomic variables of a particular economy (De Mello Jr, 2013). In addition to this, the objective is also to scrutinize the complete effect of foreign direct investment on overall financial growth of the Cameroon Republic. Further, the current study also helps in analyzing strategies undertaken by Cameroon Republic to lessen the public debt. Additionally, the current research also intends to assess the manner in which effectiveness of foreign direct investment (FDI) can augment the monetary advance as well as debt management (De Mello, 2015). Therefore, the current research study is to utilize quantitative examination using diver se macroeconomic data of the Central African Nations. The learner of the present study intends to make use of specific quantitative method for evaluation of diverse macroeconomic data related to the Central African nations bearing high levels of debt (Balasubramanyam, Salisu Sapsford, 2016). In the present study, the learner intends to use different economic outlook data for extracting important information as regards the investment outlook, state of political as well as economic affairs (Fosfuri et al., 2016). Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework Overview As rightly put forward by Smarzynska (2014), Foreign Direct Investment help increasing countries at the time of applying theoretical models whereby FDI is beneficial for the host country progress that is widely shared among the policymakers. Addition to that, research indicates that an augment in Foreign Direct Investment that leads to higher growth rates in poor countries of Sub-Sahara Africa (Schneider Frey, 2014). Local conditions like development in the financial markets as well as educational level of country that affects collision of Foreign Direct Investment especially on financial enlargement As opined by Kuemmerle (2015), human resources plays major role in achieving enlargement that benefit from Foreign Direct Investment. This particular research will be focusing majorly on initiatives that are being taken by Cameron Republic for reducing the huge debt burden as well as conducting comparative analysis in poor countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. In other words, the paper will highlight the heavily indebted poor countries initiatives used for debt management. Most of the countries select ways for writing off debt and no creation of new streams of revenues (Buckley et al., 2015). It happens that using new resources with the borrowed fund. It has been noticed that debt becomes burden for most of the countries. It is argued whether increased debt will help in facilitating genuine progress for selected countries (Markusen Venables, 2015). This particular theoretical framework will indicate the outline and portrayed in the literature review. In the literature review section, illustration has been given on Growth and Economic Development that reveals conflicting statement with supported evidence (Klein Rosengren, 2014). In other words, Foreign Direct Investment contributes towards attainment of economic growth and development by countries. Foreign Direct Investment majorly has optimistic effect on economic expansion that guides ways for accumulated capital as well as transfer of new technologies after elaborating of the country (Davidson, 2015). Therefore, Foreign Direct Investment augments economic growth that is indirectly connected with relocate of knowledge. It increases the understanding of stock in the given country arising from acquisition of new skills as well as organizational arrangements and operational management (Hatzius, 2013). H0- Null Hypothesis; H1- Alternative Hypothesis H0: Foreign direct investment has no impact on the debt management and economic development in Cameroon Republic and other central African nations H1: FDI has positive impact on external debt management and economic development in Central African HIP countries. Nature of the Study In this particular section, the researcher will be using secondary sources of information data. Researchers will be collecting data by considering variables for analysis purpose (Haskel, Pereira Slaughter, 2016). This means researchers will be analyzing the use of statistical techniques. There are various variables used for analyzing the Foreign Direct Investment inflows in Cameroon Republic in the highly indebted countries of Central America. Researchers will be using secondary data information from the World Bank data as well as official data of respective countries (De Mello, 2013). There are various variables that are used for analyzing the percentage of external debt for country from past decade. This takes into consideration domestic saving as well as investment and domestic interest rates. Researchers will be using economic outlook data for collecting information regarding transparency. This will highlight understanding the political stability as well as economic stability an d investment outlook. Therefore, level of poverty in the countries will be taken as proxy of economic development (Habib Zurawicki, 2012). Significance of the study The major significance of the study is to elucidate the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment as well as financial development (Gregory Wagle, 2015). In other words, the study will be demonstrating the benefit that will be provided to the prospective investors, Cameroon Government as well as all the major stakeholders that are involved for conducting future research. It is important to consider the fact that Cameroon Government will be using foreign direct investment as a practical tool for increased sources of country income. In this given study, emphasis has been given on formulating the policies in order to magnetize more inflow of Foreign Direct Investment into the nation for tapping into the economic developmental gains (Grg Greenaway, 2014). From the perspective of investors, it has been found that the research will be measuring the act that will guide potential investors for exploring the business environment (Froot Stein, 2014). Addition to that, Foreign Direct Investment is beneficial in most of the multinational companies that intends in making investments in countries. This will help in exposing them for gaining potential benefits and challenges as encountered by investing in countries like Nigeria. Researchers will be contributing to wealth for getting updated information on materials as well as gaining empirical evidence that requires to be carried out in the study (Fosfuri, Motta Rnde, 2016). Definitions of key terms Foreign Direct Investment- Foreign Direct Investment is one of the investments practice used by an enterprises in other country (De Mello, 2015). In other words, these can be obtainable from various forms like Greenfield and Brownfield investment. It has been noted that multinational enterprises will be investing directly by creation of new unit from the foreign country termed as Greenfield investment. Vicious Circle of poverty-The vicious circle of poverty is essentially considered as a phenomenon where very underprivileged families become insolvent for at least three generation in different underdeveloped nations (Froot, 2013). This phenomenon can be described as a situation where there is low level of per capita income and low rate of savings. Capital Formation- Capital formation refers to the process of accumulation of capital during a particular period of accounting and for a specific nation. Further, the capital formation also indicates towards the addition of particular capital stock that includes different equipment, instruments, diverse assets and many others (Froot Stein, 2014). External Debt- External debt points out towards the total debt of a particular nation that necessarily owes to different foreign creditors, accompanied by specific internal debt that is owed to different regional lenders (GregoryWagle, 2015). Economic development - Economic development refers to the efforts that seek to augment the overall economic welfare, quality of life for a specific society by generating and at the same time retaining jobs and upholding earnings as well as tax base (Habib Zurawicki, 2012). Thus, economic development primarily indicates adoption of new technologies that can reflect development and progress in social and economic arena in given case. At the end of the section, it is concluded that variables will be taken for analysis that will guide researchers for reaching at a conclusion regarding the influencing factor for FDI inflows in Sub-Saharan countries. In other words, Cameroon Republic is one of the highly indebted countries. Researchers will be conducting quantitative study by using secondary sources of information. This information will be collected from previous year journal article research paper as well as official websites of countries and World Bank data. Reference List Balasubramanyam, V. N., Salisu, M., Sapsford, D. (2016). Foreign direct investment and growth in EP and IS countries. The economic journal, 92-105. Blomstrm, M., Kokko, A., Mucchielli, J. L. (2013). The economics of foreign direct investment incentives. In Foreign direct investment in the real and financial sector of industrial countries (pp. 37-60). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Borensztein, E., De Gregorio, J., Lee, J. W. (2016). How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth?. Journal of international Economics, 45(1), 115-135. Buckley, P. J., Clegg, L. J., Cross, A. R., Liu, X., Voss, H., Zheng, P. (2015). The determinants of Chinese outward foreign direct investment. Journal of international business studies, 38(4), 499-518. Davidson, W. H. (2015). The location of foreign direct investment activity: Country characteristics and experience effects. Journal of international business studies, 11(2), 9-22. De Mello Jr, L. R. (2013). Foreign direct investment in developing countries and growth: A selective survey. The Journal of Development Studies, 34(1), 1-34. De Mello, L. R. (2015). Foreign direct investment-led growth: evidence from time series and panel data. Oxford economic papers, 51(1), 133-151. Fosfuri, A., Motta, M., Rnde, T. (2016). Foreign direct investment and spillovers through workers mobility. Journal of international economics, 53(1), 205-222. Froot, K. A. (2013). Introduction to" Foreign Direct Investment". In Foreign Direct Investment (pp. 1-12). University of Chicago Press. Froot, K. A., Stein, J. C. (2014). Exchange rates and foreign direct investment: an imperfect capital markets approach. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(4), 1191-1217. Grg, H., Greenaway, D. (2014). Much ado about nothing? Do domestic firms really benefit from foreign direct investment?. The World Bank Research Observer, 19(2), 171-197. Gregory, N. F., Wagle, D. M. (2015). Foreign direct investment (Vol. 5). D. R. Weigel (Ed.). World Bank Publications. Habib, M., Zurawicki, L. (2012). Corruption and foreign direct investment. Journal of international business studies, 33(2), 291-307. Haskel, J. E., Pereira, S. C., Slaughter, M. J. (2016). Does inward foreign direct investment boost the productivity of domestic firms?. The review of economics and statistics, 89(3), 482-496. Hatzius, J. (2013). Foreign direct investment. Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science. Klein, M. W., Rosengren, E. (2014). The real exchange rate and foreign direct investment in the United States: relative wealth vs. relative wage effects. Journal of international Economics, 36(3), 373-389. Kuemmerle, W. (2015). The drivers of foreign direct investment into research and development: an empirical investigation. Journal of international business studies, 30(1), 1-24. Markusen, J. R., Venables, A. J. (2015). Foreign direct investment as a catalyst for industrial development. European economic review, 43(2), 335-356. Schneider, F., Frey, B. S. (2014). Economic and political determinants of foreign direct investment. World development, 13(2), 161-175. Smarzynska Javorcik, B. (2014). Does foreign direct investment increase the productivity of domestic firms? In search of spillovers through backward linkages. The American Economic Review, 94(3), 605-627.